The Aquinos of Tarlac by Nick Joaquin Book - Free Reading Websites

Filipino writer and announcer (1917–2004)

Nick Joaquin
Portrait of Joaquin
Born	Nicomedes Joaquin y Marquez (1917-05-04)May 4, 1917 Paco, Manila, Philippine Islands
Died	April 29, 2004(2004-04-29) (anile 86) San Juan, Metro Manila, Philippines
Resting place	Libingan ng mga Bayani
Occupation	Journalist playwright novelist
Awards	Guild of National Artists of the Philippines

Nicomedes "Nick" Marquez Joaquin (Tagalog: [hwaˈkin]; May iv, 1917 – April 29, 2004) was a Filipino writer and journalist best known for his brusque stories and novels in the English linguistic communication. He also wrote using the pen name Quijano de Manila. Joaquin was conferred the rank and title of National Artist of the Philippines for Literature. He has been considered one of the most important Filipino writers, forth with José Rizal and Claro M. Recto. Unlike Rizal and Recto, whose works were written in Spanish, Joaquin's major works were written in English despite being a native Spanish speaker.

Before becoming ane of the leading practitioners of Philippine literature in English, he was a seminarian in Hong Kong – who later realized that he could ameliorate serve God and humanity by being a writer. This is reflected in the content and style of his works, as he emphasizes the need to restore national consciousness through important elements in Catholic Spanish Heritage. In his self-confessed mission as a writer, he is a sort of "cultural apostle", whose purpose is to revive interest in Philippine national life through literature – and provide the necessary bulldoze and inspiration for a fuller comprehension of their cultural groundwork. His awareness of the significance of the past to the present is function of a concerted effort to preserve the spiritual tradition and the orthodox faith of the Catholic by – which he perceives as the only solution to our modern ills.^[1] ^[ii]

Biography [edit]

Early on life & family unit [edit]

Nicomedes "Nick" Joaquin y Marquez, fondly called "Onching" by shut family and friends was born on May four, 1917, in Paco, Manila.^[3] There are varying accounts on the date of his nativity, some cite it as September 15, 1917. This could stem from how Joaquin himself refrained from revealing his engagement of birth because he disliked the fuss of people coming over and celebrating his birthday.

Joaquin was the fifth out of the ten children of Don Leocadio Joaquin and Salomé Marquez. Don Leocadio fought in the Philippine Revolution by the side of his friend Full general Emilio Aguinaldo, and reached the position of Colonel. He retired later he was wounded in activeness and moved on to a prolific career as a lawyer in Manila and the southern province of Laguna. Salomé Marquez was a well-educated adult female who taught in a Manila public schoolhouse. She was trained by Americans in English to teach at the public schools when the United states colonized the Philippines.^[three]

The Joaquin family lived in a two-story residential and commercial building, profoundly uncommon at that time, on Herran Street (now Pedro Gil Street) in Paco, Manila.^[4] Joaquin was said to have had an extremely happy babyhood. The Joaquin children were tutored in Spanish & piano, and the children were encouraged to have an involvement in the arts. The Joaquin household communicated in Spanish and heard mass regularly. Joaquin is a notably devout Christian and continued being and then his whole life.^[3]

The Joaquins had lived a handsome life until Don Leocadio lost the family unit fortune in a failed investment on an oil exploration project in the belatedly 1920s.^[iv] The family unit moved out of their Herran dwelling house and into a rented house in Pasay. Don Leocadio passed not long after. The young Joaquin was only twelve years old and this signalled a big change in their family unit.

Education [edit]

Nick Joaquin attended Paco Elementary School and went to Mapa High Schoolhouse for secondary education. Nonetheless, in his third year informed his mother that he wanted to drop out considering he felt that the classroom was too confined for him and that he learned more than outside of it.^[3] His mother Salomé, a former instructor, was devastated past the news, just notwithstanding allowed him to practice so.

Afterwards leaving school, Joaquin worked as an apprentice in a bakery in Pasay and subsequently on in the publishing visitor TVT (Tribune-Vanguardia-Taliba.)^[4] This allowed him a small taste of an industry he would spend most of his life in.

An gorging reader, Joaquin, used this time to pursue his passion for it. He was described as having a "rabid and insane love for books" by his sis-in-law Sarah K. Joaquin. His parents had encouraged his interest in books early on. He already had a borrower'south carte at the National Library when he was ten. He purveyed his father's personal library and loved the bookstores in downtown Manila. He read voraciously and intently, he read everything that had caught his eye. He enjoyed the "poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay and Vachel Lindsay to the stories of Anton Chekhov, to the novels of Dostoyevsky, D. H. Lawrence, and Willa Cather. He read American magazines (Saturday Evening Mail service, Cosmopolitan, Harper'southward Mag) and discovered the fiction of Booth Tarkington, Somerset Maugham, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway."^[4]

Career beginnings [edit]

Very early on, Joaquin was already exploring his literary voice. At age 17, he published his get-go English poem about Don Quixote, in the literary section of the pre-World State of war 2 Tribune, where he worked as a proofreader. Information technology was accepted by the writer and editor Serafin Lanot. Joaquin had felt a strong connection with the story of Don Quixote; he felt like he could place with the character. Later in life, he used a similar iteration of Quixote in his various pen names, Quijano de Pacó and Quijano de Manila.

A little later, in 1937 he published his first curt story in the Sunday Tribune Mag, "The Sorrows of Vaudeville" telling the story of the vaudevilles in Manila—a city he was endlessly enamored by. ^[four] Information technology was accepted by the author and editor Serafin Lanot.

Subsequently Joaquin won a nationwide essay competition to honour La Naval de Manila, sponsored by the Dominican Order, the Academy of Santo Tomas awarded him an honorary Associate in Arts (A.A.) and a scholarship to St. Albert'south Convent, the Dominican monastery in Hong Kong. At that place he was once again close to his family'southward original goal for him to enter the seminary. Joaquin and his family were devoutly Christian. He notably heard mass daily and was fond of praying the Holy Rosary. He only stayed in Hong Kong for 2 years earlier returning to Manila.

Joaquin continued publishing stories and poems between 1934 and 1941 in the Herald Mid-Week Mag and the Sun Tribune Magazine. The Commonwealth years were a specially vibrant era in Philippine literature. Subsequently, the Japanese occupation airtight downward the Tribune and other publications. The immature Joaquin had to await for means to support his family.

Throughout the occupation, Joaquin had continued writing. "The Adult female Who Felt Like Lazarus" and the essay "La Naval de Manila" were borne out of this war menstruum Joaquin had detested. His work had appeared in the Philippine Review, an English language-language journal, in 1943. His story, "It Was Subsequently Than We Thought" and his translation of Rizal'due south Mi Ultimo Evict were also published. He was beginning to spark an involvement from readers. However, the reticent Joaquin shied abroad from recognition. He had created this mysterious and distant writer. ^[4]

Career [edit]

Afterward returning to the Philippines, Joaquin joined the Philippines Free Press, starting as a proofreader. He presently attracted discover for his poems, stories and plays, too as his journalism nether the pen proper name Quijano de Manila. His journalism was both intellectual and provocative, an unknown genre in the Philippines at that fourth dimension, and raised the state's level of reportage.

Joaquin deeply admired José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, paying him tribute in such books as The Storyteller's New Medium – Rizal in Saga, The Consummate Poems and Plays of Jose Rizal, and A Question of Heroes: Essays in Criticism on Ten Central Figures of Philippine History. He translated the hero'south valedictory verse form, in the original Castilian Mi Ultimo Adios, as "Land That I Dearest, Farewell!".^[5]

Joaquin represented the Philippines at the International PEN Congress in Tokyo in 1957, and was appointed equally a member of the Motion Pictures commission nether presidents Diosdado Macapagal and Ferdinand Eastward. Marcos.^[5]

After existence honored every bit National Artist, Joaquin used his position to work for intellectual freedom in social club. He secured the release of imprisoned writer José F. Lacaba. At a ceremony on Mount Makiling attended past First Lady Imelda Marcos, Joaquin delivered an invocation to Maria Makiling a diwata and the mountain's mythical maiden. Joaquin touched on the importance of freedom and the artist. After that, Joaquin was excluded by the Marcos regime as a speaker at important cultural events.^[five]

Joaquin died of cardiac arrest in the early on morning of April 29, 2004, at his home in San Juan, Metro Manila. He was and then editor of Philippine Graphic mag, where he worked with Juan P. Dayang, the mag'due south kickoff publisher. Joaquin was also publisher of its sister publication, Mirror Weekly, a women's magazine, and wrote the column "Small Beer" for the Philippine Daily Inquirer and Isyu, an opinion tabloid.^[5]

Works [edit]

Recognition [edit]

Literary prominence, every bit measured by different English critics, is said to rest upon one of Nick Joaquin's published books entitled "Prose and Poems" which was published in 1952. Published in this book are the poems "Three Generations", "May Day Eve", "After the Picnic", "The Fable of the Dying Wanton", "The Legend of the Virgin Jewel;", "Information technology Was Later on than we Idea". Amid these, the first of the mentioned written works were deliberated past editors Seymour Laurence and Jose Garcia Villa equally a "short story masterpiece" (1953). The poem was also called as the best curt story published in the Philippine Printing betwixt March 1943 and November 1944.^[5]

Nick Joaquin, as a member of the Philippine Costless Printing staff, submits weekly articles which are published nether his pen name Quijano de Manila. Additionally, he was chosen journalist of the year in the 11th National Printing Club-Esso Journalism awards in 1996. He was nominated by Free Printing Editor Teodoro Locsin who mentions that the journalistic piece of work of Nick Joaquin has raised the journalism to the level of literature.^[i]

The literary ability of Nick Joaquin allowed him to earn multiple distinction and honors in the field of Philippine literature. On June one, 1973, he won in the Seato Literary Honor Contest for his submitted collection of short stories and poem. While on May 27, 1976, he was a recipient of i of the nation'southward virtually prestigious awards which carried fabric emoluments besides honors and privileges. He was conferred the championship of "National Artist for Literature" by the quondam president and Mrs. Marcos during the special rites at the Cultural Center of the Philippines in 1976, on the condition that the Regime release Pete Lacaba, the writer of the poem "Prometheus Unbound" from detention.^[1]

Themes & motifs [edit]

In a critical study of his prose and poems, the subjects depicted his nostalgia for the past, church rituals, legends, the mysterious, the different shades of evil, the ability of the basic emotions over culture, the freedom of the will against fate, the mutability of the human body compared to the spirit, and the like. They are often set in onetime Manila, the walled city of Intramuros, and sometimes Paco – equally a symbol of congruence, the celebrity and culture of the past, rather than a geographical concept. His characters are mostly cultured intellectuals of past generations, while the opposing characters are unremarkably from the materialistic modern age. Unless they are portrayed to conform better than old men, women seldom have significant roles in this cultured world of the by. ^[i] ^[two]

Theology of civilisation [edit]

Critics of Nick Joaquin's works mention the presence of theological dimensions in his writings. These critics, such as Lumbera, referred to Nick Joaquin as the most stimulating lay theologian, 1968. Such examples of works containing theological dimensions include ""Doña Jeronima", "The Legend of the Dying Wanton" and "The Mass of St. Sylvestre" whose themes are said to be drawn from Spanish traditions. Stories from Tropical Goth, although not as obvious according to critics, possessed a Christian background but there were arguments fabricated that what is Christian is non necessarily theological. Dissimilar assay of Nick Joaquin's works on these stories found in Tropical Goth reveal the use of primordial and infidel symbols. There is a fixation towards beast and the cult. Critics mention that while there are theological levels present in these stories, these were more at the folk level than dogmatic and were more reflective rather than perspective. These were then referred to equally reflections of the theology of culture.^[ix]

Ethical aspects [edit]

Dissimilar Analysis of Nick Joaquin's work, mainly "The Adult female Who Had Ii Navels" and stories from "Tropical Gothic", have led critics to mention the theme of individual free will as seen in the emphasis of choice and free will in the mentioned stories. This is plant, in what critics refer to, every bit Joaquin'due south level of morality which they mention every bit what makes his stories expressively theological.^[9]

History or time [edit]

A theological theme revealed in the Early Joaquin works is the accent on history and time. These are evident, according to critics, in works such every bit "May Day Eve". "Guardia de Honor", and "The Order of Melchizedek" and while not as obvious, were nowadays as thematic backgrounds in "Doña Jeronima", "The Legend of the Dying Wanton", "The Summer Solstice", and "The Mass of St. Sylvestre". This theme comes in the grade of fixation with time and patterns of recurrence every bit described by critics as nostalgia, which is said to show emphasis on the by. Critics make a connection of this theological reality used past Nick Joaquin to reflect Philippine culture and the intermingling of Christian and infidel values.^[9]

Rejection of colonial self [edit]

According to critics, Nick Joaquin is said to be a writer who sees the essence of being Filipino in the return to the Filipino'due south pre-Hispanic by.^[6] National identity is a very of import topic for Nick Joaquin as evident in his works such every bit La Naval de Manila, After the Picnic and Summertime Solstice. Noticeably in his works namely After the Picnic and Summer Solstice, the recurring theme of the rejection of the colonial self can be seen in the conflicts of the protagonist such every bit Chedeng, from After the Picnic, to turn down Father Chavez's white-ego-ideals. In Chedeng'southward attempt to affirm one's identity through rejection of the colonial self-imposed by order, she is confronted into choosing whether she would obliged with the white-ego ideal which asserts her security or rejection of the white-ego-platonic.^[seven] Nick Joaquin likewise, every at present and then, motleys this theme with other themes such equally gender conflict, which tin can be evident in After the Picnic and Summer Solstice. A proficient instance of Nick Joaquin's blending of themes is Summer Solstice, wherein he conflates gender conflict with colonial disharmonize, noticeable in the exclamation of Doña Lupeng in the reclamation of the power of patriarchy by womanhood.^[8]

Criticism [edit]

Early Nick Joaquin [edit]

Tropical Gothic was reviewed in Philippine studies past H.B. Furay, Lourdes Busuego Pabo, and Emmanuel Lacaba. Critics draw this every bit the cease of what they refer to as the Early on Joaquin.

Attempting to characterize stories of Tropic Goth as what critics referred to as a product of the Early Nick Joaquin would exist deceptive for it was written, forth with majority of his works, during the thirties. Critics referred to the publication years of 1946 -1966 as most pregnant in terms of the works produced. They also referred to these years equally the time wherein Nick Joaquin was recognized as a start rank writer in the Philippines. Works included in these years include "Prose and Poems" (1952), 3 stories in the "Free Press" (1965 - 1966) and The portrait of the Artist as a Filipino. Included in the start edition of Nick Joaquin'due south "Prose and Poems" were the titles "The Woman Who had Two Navels" (1961) and "La Naval de Manila" (1964).^[nine]

Emmanuel Lacaba, member of Philippine Studies, argues that the iii Free Press Stories known equally "Candido's Apocalypse", ""Doña Jeronima", and "The Social club of Melchizedek", were considered works under the older Nick Joaquin given the gap between these works and the earlier stories of "Prose and Poems". Despite the gap, Lacaba argues that there is a recurring theme nowadays in the later works of Nick Joaquin. In Emmanuel Lacaba's criticism, he mentions the radical alter in language, mainly through the dialogue used. Early on Nick Joaquin, every bit Lacaba described through the instance of Tropical Goth, made use of "lush" linguistic communication likewise as "baroque" once the readers get past the words used. Like cases for "Candido's Apocalypse" and "The Order of Melchizedek" which show more similarities than differences in the mode of sentence patterns used.^[9]

Critics, such equally Furay, define Early Nick Joaquin through his nine stories of Tropic Gothic which emphasizes his talents in Philippine writing in English. Additionally, through the mention of works such as "Prose and Poems" (1952) and the three additional "Free Press stories" (1972), critics contend that the greatness of his writing lies in his themes used also every bit deep intellectual analysis of Philippine civilisation embedded in his writing style.^[nine]

Belatedly Nick Joaquin [edit]

The Late Nick Joaquin is defined past critics equally the fourth dimension 10 years after his absence from the field of fiction. These years, as defined past Lacaba, were about Joaquin devoting himself entirely to Gratuitous Press and journalistic writing. This was divers by Joaquin the essayist. He wrote under the pseudonym of Quijano de Manila. The offset of Tardily Joaquin was seen after he had published ii significant essays and three plays later 1975. Publications of Late Joaquin nevertheless deal with like themes of history, paganism and Christianity and morality. His published article, The Manila Review on "Civilization of History" represent his philosophy of the past which underlies many of his early works. Critics emphasizes that in the later works, there is a sharper emphasis on freedom and choice as seen in his publication in December 1975 titled "Fathers and Sons: A Melodrama in Three Reels" which was a dramatization of his before story "Iii Generations".^[ix]

Bibliography [edit]

May 24-hour interval Eve (1947)
Prose and Poems (1952)
The Firm On Zapote Street (1960)
The Woman Who had Two Navels (1961)
La Naval de Manila and Other Essays (1964)
A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (1966)
Tropical Gothic (1972)
A Question of Heroes (1977)
Joseph Estrada and Other Sketches (1977)
Nora Aunor & Other Profiles (1977)
Ronnie Poe & Other Silhouettes (1977)
Reportage on Lovers (1977)
Reportage on Crime (1977)
Amalia Fuentes & Other Etchings (1977)
Gloria Diaz & Other Delineations (1977)
Doveglion & Other Cameos (1977)
Linguistic communication of the Streets and Other Essays (1977)
Manila: Sin City and Other Chronicles (1977)
Pop Stories for Corking Kids (1979)
Reportage on the Marcoses (1979)
Linguistic communication of the Street and Other Essays (1980)
The Ballad of the Five Battles (1981)
Reportage on Politics (1981)
Tropical Baroque (1982)
The Aquinos of Tarlac: An Essay on History as Three Generations (1983)
Annual for Manileños
Cave and Shadows (1983)
The Quartet of the Tiger Moon: Scenes from the People Ability Apocalypse (1986)
Nerveless Verse (1987)
Civilisation and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming (1988)
Intramuros (1988) (Editor)
Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young (1990)
Mr. Rural Reform: The Times and Tidings of Manny Manahan (1990)
The D.M. Guevara Story (1993)
Mr. F.Eastward.U., the Civilisation Hero That Was Nicanor Reyes (1995)
Rizal in Saga: A Life for Educatee Fans (1996)
ABE: A Frank Sketch of E. Aguilar Cruz (2004)

Filmography [edit]

Siglo Filipino : Odyssey of a Nation (2001)

Legacy [edit]

Contribution to English Letters [edit]

Nick Joaquin on a 2010 stamp of the Philippines

Nick Joaquin's proper noun as a literary artist is considered, by different university professors, as a key figure in Philippine literature in English language due to the imparted truths of his writing. In his unlike works, Nick Joaquin has presented objective realities about unlike events and people capturing both their good and bad qualities^[5]. In his essays, Nick Joaquin is said to employ real life situations through symbolic qualities reflecting certain social and cultural values. This is done through the bailiwick option and form of writing chosen which are considered by many different young man artists as unique.^[5] In terms of the evolution of the English language, Nick Joaquin was able to contribute to this past adding Filipino feelings, values, and nuances. Literary writers accept mentioned how he was able to preserve the culture of the Filipinos through the utilize of a unlike tongue. The English linguistic communication used past Nick Joaquin became a medium to express his literary artistry and Filipino Patriotism.^[10] Nick Joaquin was able to publish a large body of literary works during his time and through this, he has had keen contribution to Philippine literature in English.^[v]

Contribution to Literary Journalism [edit]

Nick Joaquin'south foray into literary journalism involved bringing together his two careers. Joaquin argued that Philippine letters during the 1950s and 1960s were polarized into extremes: literature and journalism.^[eleven] Joaquin, under the name of Quijano de Manila during that fourth dimension, belonged to both worlds as found in his works. According to unlike studies on literary journalism, works of Nick Joaquin serve equally examples of social sciences applied to the arts^[ten]. This was farther seen in his piece of work "Philippine letters' Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde which, according to scholars, showed de Manila's career which oscillates betwixt fiction and non-fiction^[ten]. It was during 1960 wherein Nick Joaquin entered journalism from being a fiction writer. It was nether the name of de Manila wherein he began to publish reportage in a literary journalistic style. This was then referred to as, he claimed, "New Journalism" in the Usa according to the Philippine Daily Inquirer.^[eleven] Different literary scholars claim that the works of Nick Joaquin every bit de Manila exemplifies what he quotes as "good reportage with grace of style". One of de Manila's publication, "The House on Zapote Street", was termed journalism past the author merely is read much like his fictional works under the proper name Nick Joaquin.^[11]

Adaptations [edit]

Jaguar (1979), is a 1979 Film Noir directed by Lino Brocka with the screenplay written by Jose F. Lacaba and Ricardo Lee. The plot was inspired by Nick Joaquin's 1960 article "The Boy Who Wanted to Become Society" afterwards republished in the non-fiction law-breaking anthology, Reportage on Crime (1977).
Kisapmata (1981), is a 1981 psychological horror film directed past Mike De Leon, written for the screen by De Leon, Clodualdo del Mundo Jr., and Raquel Villavicencio. The plot was inspired by Nick Joaquin's 1961 article "The House on Zapote Street" later republished in the non-fiction crime anthology, Reportage on Crime (1977).
Tatarin (2001), a movie based on Joaquin's short story "The Summer Solstice", was directed by Amable "Tikoy" Aguiluz. The screenplay was written by Ricardo Lee. Joaquin was consulted on the flick. The cast included notable Filipino actors Edu Manzano (as Paeng Moreta,) Dina Bonnevie (Lupe Moreta), Rica Peralejo (Amada), and Raymond B. Bagatsing.
Ang Larawan (2017), which won the best picture award in the 2022 Metro Manila Film Festival. It is a screen adaptation of Joaquin's A Portrait of the Artist equally Filipino. It was translated to Filipino and written as a libretto by Rolando Tinio. The music was set past Ryan Cayabyab.

Awards [edit]

José Garcia Villa'south Honour Roll (1940)
Philippines Gratuitous Press Brusque Story Competition (1949)
Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Philippines (TOYM), Awardee for Literature (1955)
Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Literary Awards (1957–1958; 1965; 1976)
Harper Publishing Company (New York, U.S.) writing fellowship
Stonehill Accolade for the Novel (1960)
Commonwealth Cultural Heritage Laurels (1961)
Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan Award from the Metropolis of Manila (1964)
National Artist Laurels (1976).
Southward.Eastward.A. Write Award (1980)
Ramon Magsaysay Honour for Literature (1996)
Tanglaw ng Lahi Laurels from the Ateneo de Manila Academy (1997)
Several ESSO Journalism awards, including the highly covetedJournalist of the Year Honour.
Several National Book Awards from the Manila Critics' Circle for The Aquinos of Tarlac: An Essay in History as Three Generations; The Quartet of the Tiger Moon: Scenes from the People Power Apocalypse; Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming; The World of Damian Domingo: 19th Century Manila (co-authored with Luciano P.R. Santiago); and Jaime Ongpin: The Enigma: The Profile of a Filipino as Manager.
His piece of work "Iii Generations" was awarded All-time Short Story published in the Philippine Review (March 1943-November 1944)
Announcer of the Yr in the 11th National Printing Social club-Esso Journalism Awards (1966)
Won the Seato Literary Award Contest for his collection of short stories and poems (June 1, 1973)
Won the nation's most prestigious awards carrying material emoluments as well honor and privileges (March 27, 1976)
National Artist for Literature by President and Mrs. Marcos cited having "opened a new vision of Filipino Life" (1976)

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b Yaptenco, C. (September 1959). A critical study of Nick Joaquin'southward prose and poems (Master'southward thesis). Retrieved from Rizal Library'due south OPAC (rlo.800054)
^ ^a ^b Busuego, L. (December 1953). An analytical written report of the Spanish tradition in the prose works of Nick Joaquin (Master'south thesis). Retrieved from Rizal Library'south OPAC (rlo.800680)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Joaquin, Kismandi, Tony, Gloria (2015). Nick: A Portrait of the Artist Nick Joaquin. Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN9789712729331.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mojares, Resil B. "Nick Joaquin Biography".
^ Nudas, Alfeo (1979). Telic Contemplation: A Study of Grace in Seven Philippine Writers. Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Press. p. four-9. ISBN 082480659X. Retrieved ix July 2018
^ Gonzalez, Gabriel Jose Due south.J. (1994). Fictioning National Identity-Decolonizing the Filipino self-image in Nick Joaquin. Quezon Metropolis. pp. 173–175.
^ Gonzalez, Gabriel Jose S.J. (1994). Fictioning National Identity-Decolonizing the Filipino cocky-image in Nick Joaquin. Quezon City. p. 68.
^ Gonzalez, Gabriel Jose S.J. (1994). Fictioning National Identity-Decolonizing the Filipino self-image in Nick Joaquin. Quezon City. p. seventy.
^ Galdon, Joseph (1976). "Review: Tropical Gothic: Nick Joaquin Revisited". 1. iv (24): 455 - 463.
^ De Vera, Ruel (July 06, 2014). "Long Live Nick". Philippine Inquirer.
^ Arriola, Joyce (2010). A third style to picture show the story: a Filipino film adaptation of a piece of work of literary journalism (ii ed.). Sage Publications. p. 272 - 275. Retrieved 9 July 2018.

External links [edit]

Nick Joaquin: National Artist for Literature at Panitikan.com
Nick Joaquin, Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Hebbar, Reshmi (1998). "Filipino American Literature". , Emory University
Nick Joaquin, Answers.com
Nick Joaquin, PinoyLit

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Joaquin